A 70 year old woman presents with 12 hours of lower abdominal pain and one episode of haematochaezia at home. CT mesenteric angiogram is performed

William Wayne Babcock Jr (1872-1963), American surgeon linked to spinal anaesthesia, Babcock forceps, vein stripping, cranioplasty and surgical innovation.

Auto-appendicectomy: three landmark self-appendectomy cases—Kane (1921), McLaren (1944), Rogozov (1961)—and what they reveal about surgery in extremis.

Théodore Tuffier (1857–1929): Paris surgeon and innovator; thoracic/cardiac pioneer, early open-chest massage, valve experiments, spinal anaesthesia and Tuffier’s line.

Cardio-biliary reflex (“Cope sign”): gallbladder disease causing vagal bradycardia or AV block that mimics cardiac events, often with normal troponin.

Sir Vincent Zachary Cope (1881 – 1974) was a British physician and surgeon. Eponymously linked with Cope Psoas test and obturator test.

Leonid Rogozov (1934–2000): Soviet surgeon who performed a self-appendicectomy in Antarctica (1961) when evacuation was impossible—an iconic feat of austere medicine.

Evan O’Neill Kane (1864–1932), American country surgeon. Railway accident specialist and medical inventor, famed for his 1921 auto-appendicectomy.

Quincke's Triad describes hemobilia via the triad of GI bleeding, biliary colic, and jaundice; first detailed by Heinrich Quincke in 1871, named retrospectively in 1975

Howship-Romberg sign: pain and paraesthesia along the distribution of the obturator nerve (medial thigh to knee); a clinical indicator of obturator nerve compression, commonly due to an obturator hernia

William Halsted (1852–1922), pioneering American surgeon, revolutionized surgery with aseptic technique, anesthesia, gloves, and the residency training model.

Chilaiditi sign: rare condition with bowel loops interposed between liver and diaphragm, with symptoms (syndrome). Must differentiate from free air.